An epitomize of Upmana Parmana In Ayurveda

Darshana (the Great Indian Philosophy) has an immense influence on Ayurveda, the Indian Science of Medicine. The primary aim of all Darshana’s is to attain Moksha. Nyaya Darshana aims to get Moksha by knowing a particular substratum by different parameters. For this purpose they introduced a subject called as ‘Pramana’. Pramana is the one which helps in attaining true knowledge of a substratum. Nyaya Darshana has accepted four Pramana’s analogous to Sushruta Samhita, they are Pratyaksha Pramana, Anumana Pramana, Aaptopdesha Pramana and Upamana Pramana. Out of these first three are mentioned elaborately in all most all Samhita’s with their definition, application etc. But Upamana Pramana though accepted by Acharya Charaka, Sushruta, Gautama etc. has been meagerly defined in classics. Ayurveda, the diagnosis and treatment of a disease is based on Nidana Panchaka, Aatur Pariksha and these intern depend upon Pramana’s, as other Pramana’s like Pratyaksha, Anumana, Aaptopdesha Pramana are already elaborately mentioned, so this study has been planned to understand concept of Upamana Pramana

Medicine and surgery residents\u27 perspectives on the impact of COVID-19 on graduate medical education.

The COVID-19 crisis has had an unprecedented impact on resident education and well-being: social distancing guidelines have limited patient volumes and forced virtual learning, while personal protective equipment (PPE) shortages, school/daycare closures, and visa restrictions have served as additional stressors. Our study aimed to analyze the effects of COVID-19 crisis-related stressors on residents\u27 professional and personal lives. In April 2020, we administered a survey to residents at a large academic hospital system in order to assess the impact of the pandemic on residency training after \u3e6 weeks of a modified schedule. The primary outcome was to determine which factors or resident characteristics were related to stress during the pandemic. Our secondary goals were to examine which resident characteristics were related to survey responses. Data were analyzed with regression analyses. Ninety-six of 205 residents completed the survey (47% response rate). For our primary outcome, anxiety about PP

Bacteriological Profile and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Pathogens Causing Pyogenic Infections At A Tertiary Care Hospital in Central India

Background: Pyogenic infection is a bacterial infection that leads to the formation of pus. Antibiotics are routinely prescribed to treat these pyogenic bacterial infections, but their toxicity poses a severe threat. It is important to know the antimicrobial resistance profile of such pathogens for proper management of the patients. Objectives: To determine the bacteriological profile and antibiotic resistance pattern of pyogens. Patients and Methods: In this cross sectional study, a total of 678 pus samples were received and processed for aerobic culture from various departments. Standard techniques were used to identify isolates from positive pus cultures, and CLSI standards were used to identify antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Results: Out of the 678 samples, 347 (51.18%) showed growth of pathogenic bacteria. Two hundred seventeen two (40.11%) Gram positive cocci and 75 (11.06%) Gram negative bacilli isolates were identified. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common isolate (57.5%). Most of the isolates were highly resistant to commonly prescribed antimicrobial drugs like Amoxycillin clavulanate. Most of the gram positive isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, linezolid, and teicoplanin. Most of the Gram-negative isolates were sensitive to imipenem. Conclusion: Microbiological profile findings of pus culture isolates as well as their pattern of antimicrobial resistant may aid in the formulation of antibiotic policies for pyogenic infections

Impact of health education in improving awareness about Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in health care professionals of tertiary healthcare centre in India

Background: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major pathogen causing morbidity and mortality in hospital setup. Healthcare professionals (HCPs) colonized by MRSA, play a key role in transmission of this organism to the patients. Compliance of the HCPs with sanitary guidelines is fundamental to prevent nosocomial Infections. Hence, imparting education and creating awareness is the first step towards this. The aim of this study was to determine baseline knowledge about MRSA in healthcare professionals (HCPs). The further aim of the study was to assess the impact of health education on HCPs.Methods: A total of 104 participants, including 54 nurses and 50 doctors, were surveyed using pre-validated questionnaire, regarding MRSA colonization, modes of transmission, high risk areas in hospital, isolation policy, disinfection and treatment. The survey was followed by a health education session on MRSA. Thereafter a post-test questionnaire was administered to study the impact of the health education session.Results: The study sample of 104 respondents comprised of 50 doctors (48%) and 54 nurses (52%). It was found that baseline awareness regarding MRSA was lesser in the nursing staff as compared to doctors. Statistically significant positive impact of the health education session on all the HCPs was observed when paired t-test was applied. Various challenges expressed by the participants in prevention of MRSA transmission were noted.Conclusions: Due to suboptimal awareness noted in HCPs, educational programs should be conducted to bridge the gap in knowledge and perception of HCPs to prevent spread of MRSA.

Comparative evaluation of efficacy of terbinafine and itraconazole in treatment of tinea cruris

Background: In a hot and humid country like India, the prevalence of superficial mycotic infections is on the rise due to contributing environmental and demographic factors. In this study, we sought to assess the efficacies of two oral antifungal drugs, Itraconazole (a traditional azole) and Terbinafine (the only orally available allylamine). The two drugs were analyzed to see whether they differed significantly in their cure rates of tinea cruris. Since data, that compares only systemically administered Itraconazole and Terbinafine in the treatment of tinea cruris, is limited, this study becomes imperative.Methods: 60 patients, all clinically confirmed cases of tinea cruris and belonging to the age group of 18-65 years, were recruited for this prospective study. Patients were then randomly divided into groups A and B and followed-up for a month. Group A received cap. Itraconazole 100 mg, twice a day, for 15 days while group B received tab. Terbinafine 250 mg, once a day, for 4 weeks. Both groups were given topical 2% Sertaconazole that had to be continued for 8 weeks. During the 4 visits, scores for the 3 parameters (erythema, pruritis and scaling) were calculated and recorded for statistical analysis.Results: Authors observed that majority of the patients were exposed to hot and humid environment that contributed to sweating and poor personal hygiene. The changes in scores of erythema, pruritis and scaling from the baseline visit for both, Itraconazole and Terbinafine, were statistically significant at week 4 with P < 0.05 for all parameters. But the difference between the scores of the two drugs was not found to be statistically significant.Conclusions: Although the sample size of this study was small and the data was limited, findings of this study supported that both Itraconazole and Terbinafine were highly effective in the treatment of tinea cruris

Assessment of the survival of dental implants in irradiated jaws following treatment of oral cancer: A retrospective study

Background: In patients undergoing head and neck surgery for various pathologic conditions, implants are one of the best restorative options and are increasing widely used. Therefore, we evaluated the success of dental implants in the irradiated jaws of patients following treatment of oral cancer oral cancer treated patients. Materials and Methods: Data of oral cancer treated patients was collected retrospectively from 2002 to 2008. We took 46 oral cancer treated patients in which implants were placed in irradiated jaws for rehabilitation.Results: It was found that out of 162 dental implants placed, 52 failed. Furthermore, there was no variation in the implant survival rate in between both the jaws.  Radiation dose of &lt;50 Gy units also showed significantly increased amount of implant survival rate.Conclusions: Implant survival is multifactorial and depends upon a number of factors like level of radiation exposure in that area, time gap between last radiation doses etc., Further research is required in this field to improve the esthetics and quality of life of cancer treated patients.Keywords: Cancer, dental implants, radiation therap

Hadoop distributed file system for the Grid

Data distribution, storage and access are essential to CPU-intensive and data-intensive high performance Grid computing. A newly emerged file system, Hadoop distributed file system (HDFS), is deployed and tested within the Open Science Grid (OSG) middleware stack. Efforts have been taken to integrate HDFS with other Grid tools to build a complete service framework for the Storage Element (SE). Scalability tests show that sustained high inter-DataNode data transfer can be achieved for the cluster fully loaded with data-processing jobs. The WAN transfer to HDFS supported by BeStMan and tuned GridFTP servers shows large scalability and robustness of the system. The hadoop client can be deployed at interactive machines to support remote data access. The ability to automatically replicate precious data is especially important for computing sites, which is demonstrated at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) computing centers. The simplicity of operations of HDFS-based SE significantly reduces the cost of ownership of Petabyte scale data storage over alternative solutions

Electro-catalyzed cynoarylmethylation of isatin for synthesis of 3-hydroxy-3-cynomethyl oxindole derivatives

An efficient and economical method has been developed for synthesis of 3-substituted oxindole by using electrochemically induced condensation of various N-substituted isatin, phenyl acetonitrile

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

The global, regional, and national burden of adult lip, oral, and pharyngeal cancer in 204 countries and territories:A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Importance Lip, oral, and pharyngeal cancers are important contributors to cancer burden worldwide, and a comprehensive evaluation of their burden globally, regionally, and nationally is crucial for effective policy planning.Objective To analyze the total and risk-attributable burden of lip and oral cavity cancer (LOC) and other pharyngeal cancer (OPC) for 204 countries and territories and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) using 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study estimates.Evidence Review The incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to LOC and OPC from 1990 to 2019 were estimated using GBD 2019 methods. The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate the proportion of deaths and DALYs for LOC and OPC attributable to smoking, tobacco, and alcohol consumption in 2019.Findings In 2019, 370 000 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 338 000-401 000) cases and 199 000 (95% UI, 181 000-217 000) deaths for LOC and 167 000 (95% UI, 153 000-180 000) cases and 114 000 (95% UI, 103 000-126 000) deaths for OPC were estimated to occur globally, contributing 5.5 million (95% UI, 5.0-6.0 million) and 3.2 million (95% UI, 2.9-3.6 million) DALYs, respectively. From 1990 to 2019, low-middle and low SDI regions consistently showed the highest age-standardized mortality rates due to LOC and OPC, while the high SDI strata exhibited age-standardized incidence rates decreasing for LOC and increasing for OPC. Globally in 2019, smoking had the greatest contribution to risk-attributable OPC deaths for both sexes (55.8% [95% UI, 49.2%-62.0%] of all OPC deaths in male individuals and 17.4% [95% UI, 13.8%-21.2%] of all OPC deaths in female individuals). Smoking and alcohol both contributed to substantial LOC deaths globally among male individuals (42.3% [95% UI, 35.2%-48.6%] and 40.2% [95% UI, 33.3%-46.8%] of all risk-attributable cancer deaths, respectively), while chewing tobacco contributed to the greatest attributable LOC deaths among female individuals (27.6% [95% UI, 21.5%-33.8%]), driven by high risk-attributable burden in South and Southeast Asia.Conclusions and Relevance In this systematic analysis, disparities in LOC and OPC burden existed across the SDI spectrum, and a considerable percentage of burden was attributable to tobacco and alcohol use. These estimates can contribute to an understanding of the distribution and disparities in LOC and OPC burden globally and support cancer control planning efforts